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  An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a small battery-powered device placed in the chest to detect and stop irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). An ICD continuously monitors the heartbeat and delivers electric shocks, when needed, to restore a regular heart rhythm. Types of ICD: An ICD is a type of cardiac therapy device. There are two basic types: A traditional ICD is implanted in the chest, and the wires (leads) attach to the heart. The implant procedure requires invasive surgery. A subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) is another option that's implanted under the skin at the side of the chest below the armpit. It's attached to an electrode that runs along the breastbone. An S-ICD is larger than a traditional ICD but doesn't attach to the heart. Why it is done? A history of coronary artery disease and heart attack that has weakened the heart An enlarged heart muscle A genetic heart condition that increases the risk of dangerously fast heart rhythms, such as some types...

  Hemorrhoids , also called hemorrhoids, are swellings of the veins in the anus and lower rectum that resemble varicose veins. Hemorrhoids can occur in the rectum (internal hemorrhoids) or under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids). Three out of four of her adults may experience hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids have many causes, but the cause is often unknown. Symptoms Signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids usually depend on the type of hemorrhoid. External hemorrhoids These are under the skin around your anus. Signs and symptoms might include: Itching or irritation in your anal region Pain or discomfort Swelling around your anus Bleeding Internal hemorrhoids Internal hemorrhoids lie inside the rectum. You usually can't see or feel them, and they rarely cause discomfort. But straining or irritation when passing stool can cause: Painless bleeding during bowel movements. You might notice small amounts of bright red blood on your toilet tissue or in the toilet. A hemorrhoid to push thro...

  The radiation therapy procedure known as IGRT (image-guided radiation therapy) uses images throughout the treatment session. High-energy radiation beams are used in radiation treatment to treat both malignant and non-cancerous malignancies. IGRT ensures the potent radiation is carefully directed at the treatment area by including detailed photographs. High-quality pictures are taken before each radiation therapy treatment session when undergoing IGRT. Higher radiation doses may be used with IGRT, increasing the likelihood of tumour control and often shortening treatment times. But, it needs to be said that the method is appropriate for all types of cancer treatment. It is one of the standard methods to treat cancer properly.  WHY IT IS NEEDED All cancers are treated with IGRT, although it is especially effective for cancers and tumours that are very close to delicate organs and systems. Tumors likely to migrate during treatment or in between sessions benefit from IGRT as we...

  Parkinson’s disease is referred to as a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms are noticed gradually, sometimes starting with barely a tremor in just one hand. Although tremors are common the disease usually causes stiffness or slowing of movement. In the early stages of the disease, your face may start losing expressions, your arms may not swing when you walk, speech may be slurred or soft and the symptoms worsen as your condition worsens over time. Unfortunately, Parkinson's disease has no cure, but medications may make significant improvements. Sometimes, doctors may suggest surgery to regulate certain regions of the brain and improve your symptoms. Parkinsosn’s disease: what happens and why? Parkinson’s disease involves breakage of certain nerve cells or neurons. Many of the symptoms are due to a loss of the neurons that produce dopamine, a chemical messenger in the brain. When dopamine levels decrease, it causes abnormal brain activities, lead...

  Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps the immune system fight cancer. The immune system helps the body fight infections and other illnesses. It is composed of white blood cells and lymphoid organs and tissues. Immunotherapy is a type of biological therapy. Biologic therapy is a type of treatment that uses substances of biological origin to treat cancer. How does immunotherapy work against cancer? As part of its normal function, the immune system recognizes and destroys abnormal cells, most likely to prevent or slow the growth of many types of cancer. These cells, called tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), indicate that the immune system is responding to tumors. People whose tumors contain TILs often do better than those whose tumors do not contain TILs. Although the immune system can prevent or slow cancer growth, cancer cells have ways to avoid destruction by the immune system. For example, cancer cells can:  There is a genetic change that makes it less ...

  The salivary organs produce saliva and deliver it into the mouth. Saliva has chemicals that assist with processing food and antibodies that help safeguard against diseases of the mouth and throat. There are 3 sets of major salivary organs:  Parotid glands: These are the largest salivary glands and are found in front of and just below each ear. Most major salivary gland tumors begin in this gland. Sublingual glands : These glands are found under the tongue in the floor of the mouth. Submandibular glands: These glands are found below the jawbone. There are also many small (minor) salivary organs lining parts of the mouth, nose, and larynx that should be visible just with a magnifying instrument. Most little salivary organ growths start in the sense of taste (top of the mouth). Symptoms: A lump (usually painless) in the area of the ear, cheek, jaw, lip, or inside the mouth. Fluid draining from the ear. Trouble swallowing or opening the mouth widely. Numbness or weakness in th...

  A subspeciality of neurosurgery, pediatric neurosurgery consists of surgical procedures that are related to the nervous system, brain and spinal cord and treats children with operable neurological disorders. Generally, neurosurgical problems in children may be diagnosed at birth or can develop during a child’s later years. The disorders mainly involve the brain, spinal column or nerves and the symptoms may vary, depending on the site of damage. A child may show physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms that affect the control movement, communication, vision, hearing or thinking and so on.  Many neurological disorders in toddlers are congenital which were present at birth whereas some developed afterwards. Those with an unknown cause are known as “idiopathic” Some of the commonly known reasons are- Developmental issues Damaging infection Brain injury. The spinal cord and brain are covered with numerous membranes and the nerves that are located deep inside are se...